Via Space.com
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An artist’s impression of asteroid Bennu, the target of NASA’s OSIRIS-REx sample return mission.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — The asteroid-sample-return mission that launched into space yesterday (Sept. 8) may help protect Earth from future life-threatening impacts by rogue space rocks.
The target of the OSIRIS-REx mission is an asteroid known as Bennu, which circles the sun just inside the orbit of Mars (occasionally crossing Earth’s orbital path). Although Bennu is unlikely to collide with the planet, understanding its composition could help scientists figure out how to deflect other rocky bodies that may be on a crash course with Earth.
“I think that’s the whole reason we have missions like OSIRIS-REx — to go out and see what we really know about asteroids,” Lindley Johnson, director of NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, said at a news conference Wednesday (Sept. 7). [NASA’s Mission to Asteroid Bennu: OSIRIS-REx Complete Coverage]
Defending Earth
After the sun formed, leftover dust and rock circled the newborn star in a disk. The material smashed together, building planetary embryos. Some bits of debris hurled down on the young planets, while some material was cast out of the solar system forever. Over time, the fiery rain slowed as the population of dust and rock dwindled.
As life evolved on Earth, bits of remaining debris occasionally crashed down — at times, wiping out plants and animal species. While most of the largest rocks have already collided with planets or have left the solar system, enough leftover material remains to pepper our planet.
“Over a hundred tons of material fall to Earth every day,” Johnson said.
Most of that is dust, but occasionally, a solid chunk of rock makes it to the ground (a meteorite). Those meteorites can be chunks that have broken off of asteroids, but they also may be debris that was once part of a planet or the moon and was blown off in an early collision. For example, Earth is covered in meteorites that were once part of the moon and Mars — places humans have been able to study up close with various probes, rovers and (in the case of the moon) human missions.
But asteroids are more challenging. The sample of Bennu that scientists are aiming to return in the OSIRIS-REx mission will help scientists better understand the composition of other asteroids and space debris if they were to prove threatening.
The size of asteroid Bennu, which is 1,614 feet (492 meters) wide, is compared with the Empire State Building and Eiffel Tower in this NASA image.
Credit: NASA
During the OSIRIS-REx mission, scientists also will study how the sun affects the orbital paths of small rocky bodies. As sunlight strikes a rotating asteroid, the radiating heat provides a tiny thrust that can change the orbit of the rock — a process known as the Yarkovsky effect.
“We can’t just determine where an asteroid is going to go just by orbital dynamics,” said Alex Young, a heliophysics scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “We have to account for this Yarkovsky effect.”
Observing how the sun ever so slightly redirects Bennu will help scientists to improve their models of other asteroids and their potential to impact Earth.
On top of all that, guiding OSIRIS-REx into orbit around Bennu will help NASA learn more about manipulating a spacecraft around small bodies.
“NASA’s gotten very skilled at going to Mars, Saturn, through multibody systems,” said NASA Chief Scientist Ellen Stofan. But smaller objects are different, and maneuvering OSIRIS-REx is a step toward landing humans on asteroids and the moons of Mars, she said.
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